Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Question - Essay Example The occasion where U.S. destroyer Maddox (leading electronic undercover work close by) was terminated on by North Vietnamese torpedo vessels was only a decent chance and reason on which United State could strikingly pronounce war for the sake of counter. Reports shows that throughout the spring of 1964, military organizers had built up a nitty gritty plan for significant assaults on the North, however around then President Lyndon B. Johnson and his consultants expected that general society would not bolster a development of the war (Dare 54-8). This clarifies two basic parts of the war. First is that United States had earlier designs to assault North Vietnam. The dread of President Nixon over conceivable open restriction demonstrates that critical taxpayers’ cash had been spent on the war with no monetary addition. These are clear proof that United States had earlier game plan to strike North Vietnam under the shadow of supporting South Vietnam. Their genuine test was whether the general population would favor the military activity and the vague response of the global

The Battle of Valverde - American Civil War

The Battle of Valverde - American Civil War The Battle of Valverde was battled February 21, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). On December 20, 1861, Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley gave a declaration guaranteeing New Mexico for the Confederacy. To help his words, he propelled north from Fort Thorn in February 1862. Following the Rio Grande, he proposed to take Fort Craig, the capital at Santa Fe, and Fort Union. Walking with 2,590 sick prepared men, Sibley approached Fort Craig on February 13. Inside the strongholds dividers were around 3,800 Union fighters drove by Colonel Edward Canby. Uncertain of the size of the moving toward Confederate power, Canby utilized a few stratagems, including the utilization of wooden Quaker weapons, to make the fortification look more grounded. Making a decision about Fort Craig to be too solid to possibly be taken by direct ambush, Sibley stayed south of the fortification and conveyed his men with the objective of alluring Canby to assault. In spite of the fact that the Confederates stayed in position for three days, Canby would not leave his strongholds. Short on proportions, Sibley gathered a chamber of war on February 18. Following conversations, it was chosen to cross the Rio Grande, climb the east bank, and catch the passage at Valverde with the objective of cutting off Fort Craigs lines of correspondence to Santa Fe. Propelling, the Confederates stayed outdoors toward the east of the fortress the evening of February 20-21. Armed forces Commanders: Association Colonel Edward Canby3,000 men Confederate Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley2,590 men The Armies Meet Made aware of the Confederate developments, Canby dispatched a blended power of rangers, infantry, and big guns under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Roberts to the portage on the morning of February 21. Eased back by his firearms, Roberts sent Major Thomas Duncan ahead with the rangers to hold the passage. As Union soldiers were moving north, Sibley requested Major Charles Pyron to scout the passage with four organizations from the second Texas Mounted Rifles. Pyrons advance was upheld Lieutenant Colonel William Scurrys fourth Texas Mounted Rifles. Showing up at the passage they were shocked to discover Union soldiers there. Rapidly taking​ a situation in a dry waterway bed, Pyron called for help from Scurry. Inverse, Union weapons moved into place on the west bank, while the rangers progressed in a clash line. Regardless of having a numerical bit of leeway, the Union powers didn't endeavor to attack the Confederate position. Showing up on the scene, Scurry conveyed his regiment to Pyrons right. In spite of the fact that experiencing harsh criticism from Union powers, the Confederates couldn't react in kind as they were to a great extent outfitted with guns and shotguns which needed adequate range. The Tide Turns Learning of the stalemate, Canby left Fort Craig with the majority of his order just leaving a power of civilian army to watch the post. Showing up on the scene, he left two regiments of infantry on the west bank and pushed the rest of his men over the stream. Beating the Confederate situation with mounted guns, Union powers gradually picked up the advantage on the field. Mindful of the developing battle at the portage, Sibley additionally sent fortifications as Colonel Tom Greens fifth Texas Mounted Rifles and components of the seventh Texas Mounted Rifles. Sick (or alcoholic), Sibley stayed in camp in the wake of designating field order to Green. Promptly toward the evening, Green approved an assault by an organization of lancers from the fifth Texas Rifles. Driven by Captain Willis Lang, they flooded forward and were met by overwhelming fire from an organization of Colorado volunteers. Their charge crushed, the remainders of the lancers pulled back. Surveying the circumstance, Canby ruled against a frontal assault on Greens line. Rather, he tried to constrain the Confederate left flank. Requesting Colonel Christopher Kit Carsons untested first New Mexico Volunteers over the waterway, he propelled them, alongside Captain Alexander McRaes gunnery battery, to a forward position. Seeing the Union ambush shaping, Green arranged Major Henry Raguet to lead an assault against the Union option to purchase time. Charging forward, Raguets men were shocked and the Union soldiers started progressing. While Raguets men were being turned around, Green arranged Scurry to set up an assault on the Union community. Flooding forward in three waves, Scurrys men struck close McRaes battery. In wild battling, they prevailing with regards to taking the firearms and breaking the Union line. His position abruptly falling, Canby had to arrange a retreat back over the waterway however a large number of his men had just started to escape the field. Result of the Battle The Battle of Valverde cost Canby 111 murdered, 160 injured, and 204 caught/missing. Sibleys misfortunes totaled 150-230 murdered and injured. Falling back to Fort Craig, Canby continued a protective position. Despite the fact that he had won a triumph in the field, Sibley still needed adequate powers to effectively assault Fort Craig. Short on proportions, he chose for proceed with north towards Albuquerque and Santa Fe with the objective of re-provisioning his military. Canby, accepting his was out-numbered chose not to seek after. Despite the fact that he eventually involved both Albuquerque and Santa Fe, Sibley had to relinquish New Mexico after the Battle of Glorieta Pass and the loss of his wagon train. Sources History of War: Battle of ValverdeTSHA: Battle of ValverdeFort Craig National Historic Site

Blog Archive MBA News HBS Students Getting But Not Accepting Offers

Blog Archive MBA News HBS Students Getting But Not Accepting Offers As the recession continues to worsen, the long knives  seem to be  coming out for HBS grads, with the Daily Telegraph and Bloomberg piling on and taking jabs (or stabs) at HBS alums. While this trend may be affecting egos at HBS (or perhaps not), it does not appear to be affecting the number of job offers students are receiving. Despite the economic turmoil, roughly 90% of second-year students at HBS have received job offers at this time, down only slightly from last year, according to the Harvard Crimson. However, if one scratches beneath the surface, the picture becomes less rosy. An HBS job board has seen 27% fewer postings this year, and less than  50% of students have accepted their offers, leading to the logical conclusion that this year’s grads are either lacking leverage or receiving offers in areas in which they are not all that interested. Share ThisTweet Blogroll Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News

Essay on Analysis of Women Rights in Leaves of Grass

In 1855 when the first edition of Leaves of Grass was published, the first Women’s Convention had already taken place in Seneca Falls. According to Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass is a women’s book. In the epigraph of Sherry Ceniza’s Walt Whitman and 19th-century women reformers she quotes him having said â€Å"Leaves of Grass I essentially a woman’s book: the women do it know it, but every now and then a woman shows that she knows it† (Ceniza). The implication here combined with the text in Song of Myself suggest a phenomenon that is all too common. Whitman is seen as and sees himself as a poet beyond racial and gender distinctions but like many in a position of privilege, their appropriation of the pain felt by these opposed groups serves only†¦show more content†¦Whitman’s language is saying that as an individual you must find your community and stay there. This would be problematic if he had not followed it with him asserting his b elief that his own is the man and the women. He also declares that mothers are part of his community, and the mothers of mothers. It is important to note that Whitman is not suggesting an equality between the two in this passage. He is simply saying that all of these people are his people, his community is made up of all kinds. While it is not a direct attack on women’s oppression nor a direct statement in support of their rights, on a scale of supportive to problematic, this passage falls near the center. One cannot yet label Whitman as a feminist but so far he has not proved to be a misogynist either. The first of Whitman’s slightly problematic comments on women comes in the next section of Song of Myself, section eight. In this section of the poem Whitman is observing all these events that are occurring around him. He starts with a baby in its cradle and continues on, seeing suicides, snow, a sick man and more. As the section is coming to a close he observes â€Å" exclamations of women taken suddenly who hurry home and give birth to babes† (163). Albeit small, it is impossible to ignore that Whitman observation of women is them â€Å"hurrying† to give birth. The word implies anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1061 Words   |  5 Pagesof a Shakespearian-era woman. Women were expected to be virginal, yet sexual, subservient and inferior to men, and possessions of their fathers and later their husbands. Ophelia is made to go mad due to her inability to conform to the unfair and contradictory patriarchal ideals of women, because those contradictory ideals are impossible to achieve and what leaves Ophelia feeling unsatisfactory, lost, and questioning her personhood. Feminist Criticism is the analysis of a text through a feminist perspectiveRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words   |  5 Pagesmotivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment,Read More Whitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets Essays1812 Words   |  8 Pageshis own American landscape and language as a source for the music, voice and persona of his poetry† (33). The term â€Å"grassroots† is additionally appropriate for the purposes of this analysis when we break down the word into its component parts. Whitman used the imagery of grass (recall his famous Leaves of Grass), whereas Neruda uses the imagery of the tree with its intertwining roots to call up a sense of connected oneness between people in general, but specifically used to unite the people ofRead MoreEssay on Carol Ann Duffy and Liz Lochhead Explore Memories1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped with age into analysis of social expectations of men and women in the 1960s. In Duffys poem Litany and Lochheads poem 1953, both poets reflect on their childish perceptions of their parents conformity to social convention. Duffy and Lochhead excellently implement a dramatic monologue form to convey their feelings towards their parents conventional roles within the home. In Duffys Litany, the poem is narrated by Duffys younger self who naively recounts women obsessed with social classRead MoreCommunity Description / Analysis Project1473 Words   |  6 Pages Community Description/ Analysis Project Tonya Pinchback Morgan State University Community Description According to Feverbee, there are five different types of communities (Feverbee, 2015). The five types are communities are interest, action, place, practice, and circumstance. Interest is people sharing the same interest or passion. Action is people trying to bring about change. Place is where people are brought together by geographic boundaries. Practice are people in the same professionRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 PagesWalt Whitman’s vision of America in Leaves of Grass Valentine†©Abbet†© TRAVAIL†©DE†©MATURITE†© †© Sous†©la†©direction†©d’Anne†©Roland†Wurzburger†© Gymnase†©du†©Bugnon,†©Lausanne†© 2012†©  «I have sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long! » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed editionRead MoreGolf Is An Interesting Game1418 Words   |  6 Pageselevation, grass, style, geography, climate, yardage, par, green slopes, scenery, and landscape. Weather can also extraordinarily affect how a golf course plays. Most sports are always played on the same style court or field. Many sports are beginning to be played inside, including some professional football and soccer games. Golf is for the nature seeker, the architect, the designer, and the creative person. Golf Courses are like paintings, they are works of art. Today, an insightful analysis is goingRead MoreSymbolism In Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper1427 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Rights has been a point of contention for a very long time. Especially during the late 19th and 20th century, it was a seemingly unorthodox idea in a patriarchal society. This is what makes Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper a feminist piece still analyzed to this day. It was a story that was arguably ahead of its time, as was Gilman, with her utopian feminist ideals. She wrote the book with some introspection of her own postpartum depression. The Yellow Wallpaper has been deemedRead MoreA Social Stigma View Traditional Marriage1549 Words   |  7 PagesAd Analysis We as a social stigma view traditional marriage proposals between a man and a woman normal, standard, and unique. Within a traditional wedding after the man has proposed to the woman normally the woman gets ready for her special day, she puts on makeup, does her hair, and is nervous. The woman wears a beautiful gown of her choice and her makeup is flawless her hair must be gorgeous. The groom is excited to see his future to be wife. He has shaved, showered, and dresses accordingly toRead MoreEffect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and Pandan (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) Leaves’ Water Extracts in Reducing Wriggler’s Life Span3198 Words   |  13 PagesEffect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) Leaves’ Water Extracts in Reducing Wriggler’s Life Span Thea Abigail Y. Lomibao Ma. Michaela Joana O. Aquino Joel D.Mendoza San Pablo City National High School San Pablo City Mrs. Glory M. Serrano Research Adviser A Science Investigatory Project submitted in fulfillment of the requirements in Research I-B S.Y. 2010-2010 Abstract Dengue fever has always been a problem to everyone

Descriptive Essay Drawing The Line - 1370 Words

â€Å"Drawing the line† Since we were kids our moms taught us to respect others and be kind, to obey the rules and pay respect to adults. As we grew older we started to understand the world better and we set our own â€Å"rules†; some people like to be surrounded by others and share their lives, while others prefer to keep their lives in private. We could say that in either case we â€Å"draw a line† for our best convenience or preference. For many, crossing a border implies talk to an officer, paperwork, questions, long lines and a lot of nervousness even if you have nothing to hide; it’s a weird and anxious feeling in the air. But borders can also be green, beautiful, informative and friendly. A geographical border or wall allow countries to account for everyone and everything that goes in and out of the country also it shows where are the limits for one country and when the other one starts like between Norway and Sweden or the Netherlands and Belgium. However there are borders or walls that are imposed by the government between two countries . What would be the real reason behind these walls? Are they intentions legitimately good or there’s a motive behind this walls? A few examples are the Berlin Wall, the Great Wall of China, the United States and Mexican border or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict just to name a few. At the same time that borders and limits are needed to have control, they separate and divide people creating conflicts also adding all the violence and deaths thatShow MoreRelatedMiltons Strengths and Weaknesses as a Poet 790 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to discuss John Milton’s strengths and weaknesses as a poet, writer, and thinker. It is my argument that his strongest strength is the use of descriptive words and phrases from different sources because of his sight. His weaknesses are none other than the reader’s perception. It is hard for me or anyone to discuss these attributes because they are different in each and every poem as with each and every person. What might be considered a weakness in one poem is strengthRead MoreBenefits Of Using The Arts896 Words   |  4 Pagesto win an award for writing an essay or poem than kids who don t participate (Lynch, n.d.). Improvement of Motor Skills Many of the movements associated with making art, like scribbling using a crayon or holding a paintbrush, are important to the development of fine motor skills in young kids. Many preschool programs stress using scissors as it acquires for writing the dexterity kids will want. Around age three should start working with safety scissors and drawing a circle. Around age four, kidsRead MoreManagment Therory1261 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment item 2 Strategic Management OR Knowledge amp; Learning Value: 45% Due date: 11-Sep-2015 Return date: 02-Oct-2015 Length: 3000 words Submission method options Alternative submission method Task You are required to write a 3000 word essay on either Strategic Management or Management Knowledge amp; Learning as follows: * Use an organisation that is or has been in the news during the past two years (work-related learning) as an example of strategic management practices.Failing that, selectRead MoreA Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People1710 Words   |  7 Pagessocioeconomic status. He had the ability to capture the lives of the average Joe through his fictional tales. He was known to use people from all walks of life to depict his agenda in these tales. He successfully wrote many short stories, poems, and essays with various collections. His story, the Cathedral is infamous for pointing out how a blind man or in other words a disabled individual can help someone discover something extraordinary. Raymond Carver loved travelling as a young man, and wouldRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est Analysis Essays1122 Words   |  5 Pages‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Essay For years, war and the honour of war has been built up and glorified unfairly by the media in cartoons, movies, games, news and even songs as well as warmongers trying to cash in on unsuspecting and gullible young men who want to be recognized as heroes. Wilfred Owen, who had served in World War 1 and died while defending his country age 25, wrote the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ as an attempt to dismantle the unrealistic expectations about war that boys who are ‘ardentRead MoreThe Maginot Line During The Period Between World War II Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Maginot Line during the period between World War I and World War II changed dramatically and greatly affected international affairs. In this essay I will attempt to give a descriptive and informative chronological outline of the creation on the Maginot Line, as well as the residual effects of it and its outcome on international affairs. The Maginot Line was named after the French Minister of War Andrà © Maginot. It was a line of obstacles, concrete fortifications, and weapon installations thatRead Moredsfsdsfs4469 Words   |  18 Pagesfor each payment, which will include a link to easy cancellation instructions. Essay From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Essay (disambiguation). Essays of Michel de Montaigne An essay is generally a short piece of writing written from an author s personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, politicalRead More Euthanasia Essay2196 Words   |  9 Pages Here is another essay for you to use! Its alittle screwed up, but perhaps you can do something with it. It was a lot worse than this, it had strange marks all over it and the paragraphs were everywhere. I fixed it a bit, but I would go crazy if I stared at a computer screen any more!!!! Euthanasia, is one of the most controversial issues of our time. This diver issue raises many questions such as: how should decisions be made, and by whom? What should be determined as a matter of law and whatRead More Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William Wordsworth1989 Words   |  8 PagesClarke. Due to this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. Observing the poems at first glance, it is obvious that they also contrast in content, however at greater depth, the connections between them are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussing the connections and differences between the two poems. The daffodil is the national symbol of Wales; it represents hope, joy and celebration. Both of the poets make this markedly palpable using this as a theme for theirRead MoreThe Invention And Reinvention Of The Peasant Essay2418 Words   |  10 PagesHow King Keohane, and Verba’s â€Å"The science in social science† and â€Å"The Descriptive Inferences† can be used to elaborate Timothy Mitchell’s â€Å"The Invention and Reinvention of the Peasant† In his work â€Å"The Invention and Reinvention of the Peasant,† Timothy Mitchell makes an elaboration of the research in colonial hegemony in Egypt as a country in the 19th century. In addition, his work covers how â€Å"the peasant† has become a field of expertise that aims to deal with the theory and description of folk

The Implementation Of The Compliance Plan - 1313 Words

Introduction. Here at O’Kelly Medical Practice it is our goal to maintain an effective compliance plan that is in accordance with the compliance program guidance that is set by the Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The purpose of this compliance plan is to avoid and identify any violations of both law and company policy (hcma-consulting.com). Compliance Plan Objectives. The basic objectives to this compliance plan are as follows. The first is to prevent any fraud and abuse. This is accomplished through a formal process to discover, inspect, fix, as well as prevent violations that affect any reimbursement for healthcare services rendered. The next objective is to make sure that our compliance is in accordance with all applicable laws including federal, state, and local. We will also help to defend this practice during any investigation or prosecution for fraud by validating compliant behavior, therefore reducing fines or prosecution (Valerius). Standards of Conduct. O’Kelly Medical Practice has implemented many standards of conduct in order to prevent fraud and abuse by providing guidelines needed in order to work in areas at risk of these violations. These standards of conduct apply equally to all employees, and it is the employee’s responsibility to familiarize themselves with these standards in order to apply them to their day to day work. Acceptance of these standards is a mandatory part of employment. These standards includeShow MoreRelatedCompliance Plan for Riordan Manufacturing1635 Words   |  7 PagesCompliance Plan for Riordan Manufacturing Compliance Plan for Riordan Manufacturing Commitment To Compliance Standards of Conduct Riordan Manufacturing Company promotes adherence to the compliance plan as a key element in the evaluation of performance of all the officers of the business entity. Employees of Riordan Manufacturing are bound to comply, in all official acts and obligations, with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations, standards of conduct within but not limited to laws andRead MoreDescription Of The Implementation Plan Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of the implementation plan Our implementation plan mainly focuses on five risks, which are compliance risk, strategic risk, credit risk, operational risk, and financial risk. The corporation has established risk management committees to assess and manage the corporation’s exposure to the above risks. Then, the committees will prioritize these risks and establish guidelines for risk management processes. After that, it will assign the management of some risks to appropriate operating departmentsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Quality Improvement Plan929 Words   |  4 PagesThe successful aspect of this quality improvement plan was staff compliance to the checklist and selected EBP interventions. Collaboration with high management to improve quality and nurse performance lead to a developed system with the changing needs of performance improvement initiatives. The project keeps surgical knowledge up to date and relevant with the support from the staff and managers. The ability to provide feedback during huddle meeting intiated open communication. The quality managementRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Change On The Incidence Of Hospital Acquired Infections Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesbarriers from this EBP change include: low compliance from the staff, low compliance from the patients, inadequate support from leadership, and inadequate staffing. Despite the benefits of EBP, a degree of resistance is expected from the staff. Furthermore, as a nurse leader pursuing for EBP changes in the facility, one has to be an advocate for the patients and improved clinical outcomes. Plans to Overcome Barriers Low Compliance from the Staff Low compliance from the staff due to resistance to changeRead MoreA Brief Note On Idaho State University ( Isu ) Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesthe firewall breach much sooner. On August 9, 2011, HHS received notification from ISU regarding a breach of its unsecured electronic protected health information (ePHI). On November 22, 2011 HHS notified ISU of its investigation regarding ISU’s compliance with the Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules. HHS’ investigation indicated that the following conduct occurred (â€Å"Covered Conduct†). i. ISU did not conduct an analysis of the risk to the confidentiality of ePHI as part of its securityRead MoreAft Task 3623 Words   |  3 PagesAFT Task 3 As our Joint Commission audit approaches, Nightingale Community Hospital has conducted a tracer patient survey to assess our compliance. The tracer methodology tracks a selected patients care from admission to discharge, allowing us to evaluate our systems of providing care and to ensure that we are meeting the Joint Commissions standards of providing safe, quality healthcare. Our tracer patient was a 67 year old female who presented with a fever and drainage five weeks afterRead MoreEmployee Compliance On Information Technology Security Policy Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pages Project 4: IT Audit Policy and Plans Arlecia M Johnson October 12, 2016 Employee compliance on information technology security policy. Employee compliance can be described as a comprehensive review of the employees of a given organization concerning the awareness and adherence to the laid down policies and guidelines. In our case here at Red Clay Renovations, it is about the IT security policies in the Employee Handbook. Well, in order to accomplish this task, we have to narrowRead MoreEmployee Compliance On Information Technology Security Policy Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee compliance on information technology security policy. Employee compliance can be described as a comprehensive review of the employees of a given organization concerning the awareness and adherence to the laid down policies and guidelines. In our case here at Red Clay Renovations, it is about the IT security policies in the Employee Handbook. Well, in order to accomplish this task, we have to narrow it down to an interview strategy with questions targeting on the awareness of the key policiesRead MoreA Research Study On Nurses s Perceptions Of Shift Reporting Guided The Effort904 Words   |  4 Pagesproject involved reviewing implementation survey. After analysis of the survey results, the nurse’s perceptions of the significant change to the practice of change-of-shift reporting guided the effort. Due to the organizational change to bedside shift report as part of an initiative to ensure that care practices are more patient centered, the primary outcome of interest would be an increase in nurse compliance and satisfaction with the change. Also of interest was compliance of the nursing staff withRead MoreOutsourcing at Office Supply1540 Words   |  7 PagesCosts/Benefits Implementation Change Management Risks †¢ Decrease infrastructure costs by utilizing a more specialized, third-party staff. †¢ Experience cost-savings during the 2nd year, but face increased expenditures during 1st year. †¢ Maintain availability and performance through SLAs with the vendor. †¢ Ensure a smooth transition through a formalized change-management program. †¢ Mitigate risks by documenting procedures and improving employee awareness. Strategy Costs/Benefits Implementation OVERVIEW

Understanding Mental Health In Society

Question: Discuss about the Report for Understanding Mental Health In Society. Answer: There is often a misunderstanding that mental health is the opposite of mental disorder. The absence of mental disorder does not mean that the person has good mental health. A person with mental ill health can live a satisfying and meaningful life within the limits of his painful and distressful symptoms. Anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, drug addiction and schizophrenia are all symptoms of mental disorder. The most common cause of mental disorder is the stressful experience, but it can also occur otherwise. Moreover, not all stressful experiences lead to mental disorder. Most of these experiences come from the society or are influenced by them. Therefore, it is important to understand the social factors which influence the mental health of an individual and how we can take steps to prevent mental health disorders. The three major social factors that influence mental ill health are: Discrimination and violence People who act or look differently are usually discriminated and are treated negatively. Discrimination may be due to color, sex, race, ethnicity, social and economic status and mental ill health itself. There have also been numerous cases where the women suffer from depression because of the domestic violence they suffer at home. Even though one out of four people in UK experience mental ill health at some point in their life, but still there is strong social stigma related to it, and mentally ill people experience discrimination in most areas of their life like in society, in workplace, in community, etc. people have this perception that a mentally ill patient is violent and dangerous, so they always like to keep a safe distance. There are few actions that can be undertaken to reduce the negative attitude of people. People can be educated and trained about the causes of mental illness and mental treatment. Contact strategy can be used where people inter act with mentally ill people which help to remove stereotypes and prejudices. Media plays a major role in perception formation among people, so mass media can be used to spread awareness and correct information. Social exclusion There are many reasons for the social exclusion of a mentally ill patient like lack of money, some effects of illness like low self-esteem, reduced social contact as the patient is busy with his treatment and hospitalisation, stigma, unemployment. By addressing these issues, social exclusion can be reduced to a great extent. Steps like employment, preventing discrimination, educating the society, access to health services and giving them basic right like a decent home, transport and financial guidance. Employment - it is a well-established fact that employment is important for the mental health of an individual. Moreover, the mental disordersaffects beyond the person who is suffering it affects their partner, children and the community. Unemployment or low quality employment are major risk factors for mental ill health. By providing work to people with mental health problems, they have a sustainable income which reflects their skill and experience. It gives them a sense of value and control in life. By this way of employment, these people also participate in the society and are not isolated. Earlier there was not adequate knowledge and training for diagnosing, treatment and maintenance of a mentally ill patient. But nowadays with the increasing number of cases, it is becoming an important area of study and practice. Unlike previous times, now the treatment and management are targeted to specific categories of mental illnesses. Moreover, the treatment is now focusing on the specific functional disabilities related to a particular type of mental illness. The treatment is now targeted at the deficit areas specific to the requirement of the patient in his work, home and other areas of life. The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders have helped the practitioner a great deal in providing a standard for diagnosis which was earlier missing. The treatment now exhibits a positive view of the patient; it has learning orientation which helps to educate the patient about themselves and their condition and also about other people and it also teaches them skills to cope with difficult situations. The treatment has an objective and if it is not met, the treatment process is modified. Now a days the treatment make effective use of nonprofessional resources like peers and families to enhance the outcome of the treatment. Few new treatment and management modalities are Targeted-intermittent long term treatment it involves providing the intensive treatment initially but when the patients functioning improves it is provided intermittently. Depending on the progress, the direct treatment from the psychologist can be reduced to weekly, biweekly and monthly sessions. It provides effective and economical therapy in addition to reducing the hospital treatments. Cognitive-behavioural social skills training it is the most important and effective treatment for mentally ill patients. It provides training in communication and problem-solving skills which can be used in different settings be it family, social life with friends or the community in general. Individual psychotherapy skills training this training helps the patient to understand internal thoughts and processes and makes them a more skilled while participating in the therapy. This therapy evaluated the want of an individual and applies problem solving skills to find out if and how these want may be met. Therapeutic contracting program this model helps to overcome resistance, denial and lack of motivation in people while increasing their self-efficacy. It not only improves the interaction among the patient and family but also among the patients themselves. Very patient helps the other patient in identifying a problem, coming up with alternative solutions and then selecting the best alternative for them. This exercise brings a feeling of worth and value in all the helpers that they made apositive influence in other persons life. and Multiple family therapy in this modality the supportive aspects of the family interaction are incorporated in the treatment, and the dysfunctional aspects of the interactions are corrected with the help of social skills training. (i) There can be various reasons for the mental-ill health of older people like previous life-experiences or a particular experience, reasons specific to ageing like bereavement, the perception of loss of status and importance, physical ill health, less contact with family and friends, lack of mobility/ active life, living alone. Many studies have shown that the risk for depression increase to a great extent after the age of 80 years. The main reason for depression older men is chronic ill health and in older women it is mainly due to isolation from family and society, belongingness to faith and community groups. Besides the normal stresses in life, elderly people are not able to live independently because of many reasons like mobility is limited, long-standing pains and other physical problems. All these problems cause psychological stress and leads to mental ill health. The three problems that is specific to elderly people - dementia, depression and anxiety disorders like phobias a nd obsessive compulsive disorder. Dementia is the reduced ability to memorise, think, act and perform every day activities. Though it is not limited to older people, 47.5 million people in the world are suffering from it, and the numbers are constantly increasing. The other problem that is depression is a cause of lots of suffering and impairs the daily functioning of the individual. Depression is very common in elderly people, but it often goes undiagnosed and is not treated properly especially in primary care centres mostly because the symptoms of depression coincide with other problems that the elderly people face. A depressed person feels that he is not well and visits the hospital often though his cause for not being well may remain undiagnosed. Anxiety is often difficult to differentiate in healthcare setting from the normal worries of elderly people. Anxiety is of serious concern and older people suffering from it find it extremely difficult to manage the day to day activitie s. This puts them at increased risk for premature mortality, social isolation, depressions and institutionalisation. There are different types of anxiety disorders like generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, OCDs and post-traumatic stress disorder. (ii) Older people usually under-utilise the mental health services which may be due to individual reasons or systemic barriers which hinder the provision of appropriate care and treatment. There are different modalities which are used for the treatment of mental illness in older people like psychotherapies, psychiatric medication, integrating mental and physical health services, telemedicine which involves counselling and finally supportive care. Despite all the health services for elderly people with mental illness there exists some problems because of which they are not able to fully benefit from these services. The three main problems are overuse of institutions, limited access to services and uneven quality of service in institutions and community. (iii) The mental disorder does not only affect the person who is suffering from it but it also affects the family and friends. So, the older individual and the other people involved in care can benefit from the supportive services that are available. Some such supportive services are the community-based group program, health promotion and wellness programs, mental health outreach services, support groups and peer counselling programs, respite care and finally care giver programs. Though there are many programs, there exists few problems hindering their effectiveness like caregivers do not make full use of these services, the programs have a general framework and are not tailored to the particular situation of the care giver, which reduces its effectiveness and relevance and lack of knowledge of the services available and its relevance to them. References Anon., 2014. Discrimination-mental health. [Online] Available at: https://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/mental-health/mental-health-ethnic-minority-experiences/discrimination-mental-health [Accessed 16 March 2016]. Anon., n.d. social determinants. [Online] Available at: https://ontario.cmha.ca/mental-health/mental-health-and-well-being/social-determinants/ [Accessed 16 march 2016]. Anon., n.d. social influences and mental health. [Online] Available at: https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/socialstats.html [Accessed 16 march 2016]. Department of health and human services, 2001. Older adults and mental health: issues and opportunites. s.l.:s.n. mechanic, D. a. M. D. D., 2002. The influence of social factors on mental health. In: Principles and Practices of geriatric psychiatry, second edition. s.l.:s.n. Michael, F. a. K. S., n.d. The geriatric mental health alliance of new york, s.l.: s.n. Michael, F. a. L. F. a. Z. G. a. K. W., 2012. Identifying and treating anxiety disorders. Ageing well, may-june, p. 14. minister, O. o. D. P., 2004. Mental health and social exclusion, London: ODPM Publications. organisation, W. h., 2014. Social determinants of mental health, Geneva: WHO in-house publication. Sarah, P., 2010. Social exclusion and mental health: Review of literature and existing survey, s.l.: s.n. William, H, 2011. Mental health needs of health caregivers: Identifying, engaging and assisting. Washington: s.n. World health organisation, 2015. Mental health and older adults, s.l.: s.n.

Transcendetalism The New Religion Essays - Transcendentalism

Transcendetalism: The New Religion Transcendentalism: The New Religion A. K. Rodriguez Transcendentalism: The New Religion According to The American Heritage Dictionary, the definition of religion is ?a belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as Creator or governor of the universe; a personalized system grounded in such belief; or a cause or activity pursued with zeal or conscientious devotion? (TAHD, 696). The American Heritage Dictionary provides a lexicon description of the word religion; however, the world provides a pragmatic description of religion. Religion has been the foundation of man's search for spiritual identity, for defining good and evil, and for instituting universal harmony and balance. Since the beginning of time, the world's social state, cultural milieu, and political atmosphere has been the impetus for the establishment of new religious institutions and new religious doctrine. As culture, society and politics contributed more and more to the tension and debauchery of the world and man, man sought desperately for an alternative. Higher law and religion bec ame the remedy to man's struggle. So, the dream of making the world a better place has been embraced by every religious movement in history, and it has served as the primary civilizing influence on the planet. From Taoism to Buddhism, from Judaism to Christianity and from the Magna Carta to the Declaration of Independence, religious philosophy has institutionalized fundamental laws of life, and wisdom and spiritual values with the objective of discerning the true essence of man and discern man's relationship to the universe. By the lexicon and empirical definition of religion, it can be ascertained that Transcendentalism was more than a philosophy, more than a literary movement, and more than an intellectual inquiry. Transcendentalism was a religion ? a radical religion that utilized nature as its sanctified house of worship, glorified God as its deity, had disciples and prophets known as Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, Alcott and Whitman, and claimed its personal ?Bible? or documented wisdom known as the lyceum, ?The Dial? and other published essays. Most significantly; however, Transcendentalism was a new religion with its own moral commandments of higher law, its own concept of the divine. Like Buddhists, Catholics, and Hindus, Transcendentalists were a religious faction exercising a spiritual persuasion. Transcendentalists were a sect that believed in a radical form of Christianity. According to A Religious History of the American People, Transcendentalism was born from the enthrallment of the Unitarian Church: The Unitarians believed in God's goodness and loving kindness in man's likeness to and ability to comprehend God, and in the human capacity for spiritual, moral and intellectual improvement (Alhstrom, 401). Dr. William Ellery Channing, founder of the American Unitarianism believed that human's spiritual nature is God's spiritual nature amplified and untainted to time without end. He said, ?In ourselves are the elements of the Divine? (Alhstrom, 401). Because of this, Channing and the tenets of his ?new? dogma in the Unitarian persuasion perpetuated throughout New England as colonists were escaping the wrath of Calvinism ? a religion where predestination breathed, inherent depravity of man was supposed, and apprehensive supplication to an angry God was constant. As Unitarianism gained more popularity in America, so did an awareness for social reform and self-education. As the doctrine of social reform and self-education purportedly brought man closer to God's perfection, and a philosophy of humanism began to emerge, an impact was produced. An intellectual sentiment began to infuse, and the Transcendental movement commenced. Although, the transcendentalists did not capitulate absolutely to the tenets of Unitarian doctrine, and would boldly refute that Transcendentalism had developed into a suffocating religious order of ritualized traditions, Transcendentalism, by meaning had indeed become a religious persuasion ? a radical religious assemblage of disciples who were interested in conveying a moral message and transforming the world and human lives. This radical theology would connect human beings to a philosophy that would spiritually empower human beings by making them the instruments and leaders of the church. They would be governed by the hierarchy of God, and their spirituality would be defined my intuition and molded by the beauty of nature. Their church would be the wilderness; God would be their preacher; their dogma would be truth and righteousness; their followers would be the spirit and conscience of every virtuous

West European Studies

West European Studies The three texts delve into the Anglo Saxon period in detail. Bede’s text is considered one of the most insightful texts during this period, with its focus on the religious issues of the day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West European Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The text gives an insight of the spread of Christianity in England, a factor that eliminated pagan practices in the region. (Bede, Eddius and Farmer 21). Bede was motivated by the desire of the English to understand their history and the achievements of their past heroes. Since England had been newly formed, Bede’s writings got a ready audience anxious to hear about the development of Christianity during the Anglo Saxon era. The audiences were also impressed by Bede’s demonstration of the harmony in England despite the Kingdoms that existed during the time of the penning of the text. His work juggled written text with relev ant oral tradition and other literacy elements such as anecdotes (Bede, Eddius and Farmer 16). King Harald’s text gives a compelling account of the triumphs of King Harald as he moved his army across Europe through Russia and eventually to England. The author wanted to give an insight into history, as contrasted to keeping a historical record. His main motivating factor is to give an insight into history and not necessarily to keep a historical timeline. King Harald’s saga’s original form follows that of other texts that fall within the Heimskringla which is a historical narrative of Norwegian rulers (Snorri, Magnusson and Hermann 54).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geoffrey Chauser in his book sought to discuss the history of the high middle ages and his motivation arose from a desire to narrate the decisive years that led to Britain’s modern hist ory. In achieving this, Chaucer was well aware of the interest that his work would generate (Chauser and Malcolmson, 45). There were major transformations in England between the period 1000 and 1300. These transformations centered on the social-political and economic spheres. Among the political changes that took place during this period was the gradual administrative movement that eventually resulted in the formation of the Great Council (Hakluyt and David 78). The Witan Council existed in England in the 9th century, during which period England was ruled by tribes under the Anglo-Saxon group. The Witan was the brainchild of King Alfred and its main role in governance was to advise the king. The king relied on this council of elders to make major decisions that bordered on issues such as the making of laws, war and distribution of land. So important was the Witan that the king could not make a major decision before seeking its counsel. The council also had the responsibility of appr oving a new king during succession. The Witan had no definite composition and the number of members present heavily depended on the gravity of the matters being discussed or the function being conducted by the king. For example, religious ceremonies experienced a high number of Witan members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West European Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The period between 1066-1154 witnessed the setting up of a central authority in England and the elimination of the feudal system that had been practiced before. This administrative change was a result of the conquest of England by the Normans. In the place of the feudal system, the Normans, under king William established a monarchial rule (Loyn 34). However, the role of the Witans continued being paramount in this new administrative dispensation with matters such as taxation and legislation requiring their input. It was also looked upon in ma tters dealing with the dispensation of justice. At this point, the Witan began being referred to as the ‘Great Council’. The rule of King William was the beginning of the reign of the Plantagenet (Lehmberg 67). King Williams sought to extend his powers to the church and he required the bishops to participate in military activities in defense of their territories. Although he allowed them to retain their courts, they could not lodge appeals with the pope without his consultation. The orders of the Pope could also not be implemented in England unless the king was consulted (Brooke 122). The rule of the Plantagenet continued over the period of king Henry 1 and king Henry 11. An era of chaos ensued in the course of this period, and with the chaos dominating the kingdom, the role of the nobles grew dramatically. The later oppressive rule of King John led to the signing of the Magna Carta, which was an agreement forced on him by the barons that he will observe all privileges accorded to the nobility.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the most important aspects of the Magna Carta was the supremacy of the law, and it would form an important basis for British history (Brooke 127). The rise of the British parliament would happen after the expansion of the great council. The Magna Carta was followed by the rise of the British parliament, with an expanded Great Council (Huscroft 12). Its role grew powerful between 1272-1307. King Henry III was the ruler at this time. Overtime, the role of parliament powers extended even further as it began playing a greater role in financial and legislative matters. In later years, its role would increase significantly and form the foundation of British democracy. Bede, J. F. Webb, Eddius Stephanus, David Hugh Farmer. The Age of Bede. Middlesex, England: Penguin.1983. Print. Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence The Saxon Norman kings. London: Batsford. 1963. Print. Chauser, Geoffrey and Anne Malcolmson. A taste of Chaucer; selections from the Canterbury tales. New York: Harco urt, Brace World, 1964. Print. Hakluyt, Richard, Richard David. Hakluyts voyages. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin company. 1929. Print. Huscroft, Richard. Ruling England, 1042-1217. Harlow: Pearson, 2005. Print. Lehmberg, Stanford E. A history of the peoples of the British Isles. From Prehistoric times to 1688, New York: Routledge, 2002. Print. Loyn, Henry Royston The Norman Conquest. New York: Hutchinson, 1965. Print. Magnusson, Mangus and Hermann Palsson. King Haralds Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway. From Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla. Baltimore: Penguin Books. The Peoples of the British Isles: 1966. Print.

The Rationale of Equity Indexation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rationale of Equity Indexation - Essay Example Capital market transactions are deemed efficient in the absence of intermediaries except for brokers who put buyers and sellers together and get a small commission, making the deal almost frictionless. With transaction costs negligible, the only real factor that determines the current price of a stock should be the net present value of its future cash flows in the form of dividends and, assuming the company lasts long enough, capital gains when the stock is sold at a future date. After all, a stock is nothing else but a claim to a company's future cash flows, and that its price indicates its net present value given the amount of cash it would generate over a future period of time (Graham, 1984). A company's cash flow is affected by several factors, such as business prospects, management quality, the economy's over-all performance, and the company's past performance. If these sets of information are known, computing for free cash flow looks relatively straightforward, and using a discount rate, the stock's present value can be easily calculated. If the market price is lower than the present value, the stock is bought. Otherwise, if one is holding the stock, it is sold. The low transaction costs of capital markets... "Beating the market" means that an investor cannot generate a rate of return from investing in the equities market that is above the rate of return of the whole market. The rate of return of the whole market is measured by looking at the rates of return of a basket of equities that is representative of the whole market of equities. This basket consists of stocks of companies of different sizes and from different industry sectors from amongst the list of all companies traded in the capital market, say in the London Stock Exchange. Using a formula that takes into account market capitalisation, historical share prices, and other considerations, the financial authorities determine which stocks to include. The stock prices of these stocks in the basket are mathematically added up to come up with the index that reflects the behaviour of the market as a whole. There are several indices formulated for the London Stock Exchange by an indexing company called FTSE International Ltd., an affilia te of the Financial Times Ltd., a U.K.-based firm. Amongst the indices monitored by FTSE are the FTSE All-shares (688 stocks), FTSE 100 (102 stocks), FTSE 250 (250 stocks), and the FTSE SmallCap (336 stocks) indices (FTSE ASWB, 2005). At the end of each trading day, FTSE adds the prices of the stocks in each of these indices and then publishes the results. Under the assumption that the market is efficient and that it is not possible to beat the markets, an investor can decide to adopt an equity index strategy, which consists of buying a basket of stocks in the same proportion as they are included in the basket of stocks used to calculate an index. Several fund management firms have made the job of investing easier by developing funds that

Environmental Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Studies - Assignment Example c) Ice and gas are two different elements with different qualities. It so happens that their age would also differ depending on their qualities. d) 2.53 years younger. e) It is smallest at the bottom of the core. This is because it is exposed to elements. STEP 2 b) Very reliable c) 160.73 and 28.1 years ago respectively STEP 3 10. Carbon dioxide and temperature are directly proportional 11. CH4 is more closely correlated with temperature. This is because it is lighter than CO2. 12. They are inversely proportional 13. 199.81 and 594.65 14. CO2 = 289.76 – 189.23, which is 100.53. CH4 = 273.4 – 197.37, which is 76.03 A combination of effects of the Antarctic, Southern Ocean, processes in the tropics and in the Norther Hemisphere, where the primary sources of methane are located, had a big influence. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Part 3: Hypothesis Activity The time period with extremely elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, combined with the rings has a big influence on the patterns of increasingly hot summers and increasing torrential storms in the two cities.

Essay and Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Essay and Research Paper Essay Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There is a true saying that everyone knows: playing sports is very good for our health. Playing sport helps us stay in shape, builds up our teamwork skill, and makes us consistent players. But there is a truth that not many people can realize: spending too much time on sports may cause some bad influences. Especially when it comes to young children. They need a balanced schedule so that they can take advantage and avoid some disadvantages of playing sports First, playing sports is necessary for everyone to reserve good health. It is proven by scientists that doing exercises or playing sports regularly helps people stay in a good shape, and helps avoid some health problems such as heart attack or blood pressure. For those reasons, young children should spend time in playing sport everyday. But if they spend too much time on that, they will not have enough time to participate in many other interesting and useful activities, such as going on a picnic with their friends or learning to play musical instruments†¦Even worse, they may not spend enough time on study. Second, playing sports helps young children develop their team-work skill. Usually when playing sport, they will be allocated into teams. By trying to connect with other team members to win to the game, they will learn how to get along with people, how to understand other people’s ideas, and how to coordinate with the others to get the best result, not only in sports, but also in study or in a working environment. But still, if they spend too much time on playing sports, there will be a disadvantage for young children, since they spend too much time hanging on with the others in a team, will not know how to handle problems alone, resulting in performing badly when working independently. Lastly, playing sports helps children learn how to stand up after failing, making them competitive in any tournament. It is definite that everyone will fail at least once when they play sport. The desire of being the winner urges them to try more and more. The more they try, the better.they become, but once they are so involved in the game, they somehow become so aggressive. Some will try anything to win, and some will even play unfairly to be the winner. The stories about the soccer players using drugs or the players fighting in a game are clear evidences to the disadvantage of playing sport when it is not under control.

Geography of Barbados :: Essays Papers

GEOGRAPHY OF BARBADOS Barbados is the most windward, or eastern of all the Caribbean islands. It’s the only island of the Caribbean that lies before the sixty-degree lateral line. Pedro a Campus, who arrived there in 1536, first discovered it. Pedro a Campus was sailing for Portugal at the time of his discovery. Upon his arrival he concluded that the island was uninhabited. The island remained this way until it was settled by the English in the later Seventeenth Century. The shape of the island, is somewhat of an irregular triangle. The circumference Of the island is approximately fifty-five miles around, with a length of twenty-one miles and a width of thirteen miles. Its size is approximately two and a half times the size of Washington D. C. Coral Reefs line almost the entire coast of the island, and at some points, are up to three miles seaward. This creates problems with navigating to and from the island. The northeastern portion of the island contains heights of 1000 feet, while the southeastern part has sandy beaches which are protected by the coral reefs. The highest elevation is Mount Hillaby, which is 1147 feet above sea level at the center portion of the country. The rest of the island is relatively flat, but elevates as it rises to the Central Highlands. Scotland River is the principal river which runs through the island. Other rivers include Joe’s River and the Indian River, along with a handful of natural springs, mainly Haggat’s. The island has a tropical climate and it rarely falls below seventy degrees Fahrenheit. The months of June to October are generally considered the â€Å"rainy† season. The island only occasionally suffers from the wrath of hurricanes. Another natural disaster that the people of the island encounter is periodic landslides.

Icts in the Tourism Industry and Its Influences on the Tourist Consumer Behaviour

The tourism industry often needs a various range of information to satisfy and attracts its consumers and most of this information is delivered promptly to the customers with the help of the information and communication technologies (Poon, 1993). And as result, the global tourism industry is rapidly changing and the information and communication technologies ( ICTs) such as the internet is altering the structure of tourism industry and how it market his products and conducts its promotion. In order to understand the role and impacts that ICTs has in the wider tourism industry and to find its influences on the tourist consumer behaviour, it is advised to first know what ICTs are and to comprehend the study on consumer behaviour based on the tourism industry. Information and communication technologies are defined as the collective term given to the most recent development in the mode (electronic) and the mechanisms (computers and communications technologies) used for the acquisitions, processing analysis, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and application of information (Poon 1993 cited in Buhalis 2003, p 7). It can also be defined as â€Å"the use of digital tools for business functions and processes† (Cooper et al 2005, p. 704). When tailing about ICTs, it consist of hardware (self service terminals), software (front office applications), and telecommunications (broadcast of images, teleconferencing †¦ ), and the groupware (tools for group communications such as email). The last one is the humanware which consist of skilled people responsible for the maintenance and programming. Any of these are used in the tourism industry for a better management of operation and communication between stakeholders. The Tourism industry had really gained from the evolution of information technology with the emergence of computerised networks that change the whole stage of the distribution and marketing of tourism products. The most popular and successful applications of ICT used in the tourism industry are the computer reservation systems, the global distribution systems and the internet. In the early 1970s, the airline industry developed the computer reservation systems, an application that became the most important channel of distribution for airlines, and even big hotel companies and tour operators started using it after they recognized the benefit of computerised system. The computer reservation system (CRSs) is† essentially a database which manages the inventory of a tourism enterprise, whilst it distributes it electronically to remote sales ffices and external partners† (Buhalis, 1998). It created the possibility for suppliers to quickly confirm the booking reservations made by consumers but the consumers were also able to use the CRSs to access information of different destinations, packages holidays, and hotels, and used that information to compare prices to find the best deal. The computer reservation system gave tourism organisation the power to manage their products and trade with the rest of the world. The mid 1990 saw the computer reservation system emerged into the global distribution systems (GDSs), the â€Å"system that distribute reservations and information services to sales outlets around the world† (Giaoutzi and Nijkamp 2006, p. 24). It did not just contains information of flights and hotels like the CRSs but had a wide range of services and products linked to tourism such as entertainment, car rental, lodging, train ticketing. Both the CRSs and the GDSs are known also to reduce the cost of communication, and to provide information on the competition. During the time that the GDSs was developing, the internet and World Wide Web was providing direct opportunities for tourism suppliers to interact with its customers by offering less expensive information on services and destinations. Companies like easy-jet uses the internet to offer its services directly to the customers and because the internet also offers consumer the possibility to tailor their own holiday, which is why websites like expedia are becoming expanding and popular. During every step of a transaction or deal of the tourism product, there is a lot of information that need to be exchange between every party involved. So the information and communication technologies role is to help the clients and tourism intermediaries have accessed to accurate information and data. These exchanges of information need to be done quickly as the suppliers rely on it to meets the customers’ requests. So the use of ICTs in the tourism industry has turned into a universal feature and power that help and manage information and transfer them all over the world instantaneously. And Buhalis (1998) states that the day to day operations of the tourism industry have been affected by the use of the ICTS. The distribution and marketing function of the tourism industry has been transformed as they use ICTs to target the consumers meet their needs and also the adoption of information and communication technologies by the airlines companies has been an advantage point for them as it help them control and manage reservations. So t goes to say that the fundamental structure of the tourism industry has been reformed by ICTs and businesses involved in tourism will need to keep improving their services to meet the increases level of customer demand that now require fast and accurate information. Despite the fact that the information and communication technologies has broaden the industry capacity of distribution, there are also some issues brought by the same ICTs that could impacts the future operation of the travel industry. According to Thorn and Chen (2005), the risk of losing human resource in business is higher with the application of ICTs. The increase of demand of employees with new technology skills has left existing employees in fear of losing their jobs as businesses are looking for way to accommodate those customers who need their suppliers to respond to new sophisticated demand and information. In this case, it is up to the management team of each tourism business who adopt the use of new technology to offer some intensive training for staff in order to success. But beside the human resource impact, the most talked about impact is the issue of disintermediation in the tourism industry. Disintermediation happen when suppliers and companies are met by a growing pressure from competitors and rising prices (Werthner and Klein, 2001), so to survive in this new technology environment, they set up their own distribution channel such as a website where they can directly offer the consumers the opportunity to tailor their own holiday and look through various range of products online. And by doing that they often save money and Thorn and Chen (2005) raise the fact that travel agencies are quite a risk because of disintermediation which result to booking at travels agents going down by 35% and also they are at risk of losing some of their commissions that came from selling products from tours operators and airlines companies. ICTs caused then to deal with competitions and those who cannot often lose their business but there are always customers who look for the physical contact when it came to book their holiday. The need of face to face interaction still gives travel agents the chance to stay in the tourism chain. Over the years, the information and communication technologies also had an impact on the consumer too, because of the improvements that ICTs bring on the quality of services given by tourism organisations. By allowing consumers to make fast reservations or save money by comparing price through the internet, ICTs created a new type of consumers who are now becoming more ophisticated and skilled. With the consumer behaviours changing, it is up to the tourism organisations to try and understand the motivation behind their choice of destination, or figure out the type of environment that influence their decision to purchase a product instead of another. All of these researches and their answers are quite important as it would help suppliers and companies develop new marketing strategies for products that would reach the appropriate market. The study of consumer behaviour is based on finding out the reason why consumers purchase some products and trying to understand how they came to the decision of making that decision (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). This study gives organisations some clues on the why and how that customer came to make a choice between various destinations or products, so with any results find from this study, it will enable them to target the customers and persuade them to buy their products because of the consumer previous making decision purchase. But for the consumers to make a decision there is a lot of factors that come to play and influence them toward the right product. Those factors are the determinants (what make you choose a holiday or not) and motivators (the drive to travel) (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). Determinants in consumer behaviour can be internal and external. Internal determinants often consist of factors which are personal to the customer such as choosing a travel destination based on work or business obligation, fear, health problems or commitment with family. Some of those are quite important and they tend to determine and have an effect on the type of travel to book or they can also prevent the consumer to travel. In the external determinant category, consumer can be influenced by the media around them, friends and sometimes a marketing campaign. Motivators in the other hand are the reasons that push the tourists toward travelling. Often motivators are split into two different categories, the general motivators and the specific ones. Some general motivators mentioned by Thomas (1964, cited in Moutinho, 1987) are the cultural and educational motivators which push tourists to discover new culture and lifestyle, to do some sightseeing or explore monuments, and he also identified pleasure, adventure and relaxation as other motivators that provide people with a reason to travel, especially when trying to switch off from the daily routine of their life and just go on holiday to have some fun. And regarding the specific motivators, Moutinho (1987) also contributed in the study by aying that specific motivators tends to come from knowledge, previous experience , recommendation or opinions given by relatives and friends; and it can also come from the travel organisation via the media. The study of consumer behaviour in tourism is helped by various models and processes adapted from others researchers which show clarifications on what goes on when consumers are deciding to make a purchase. In order to understand some behavi our of tourists, this essay will go through the destination decision making process, the recreational behaviour model and stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour. The tourism industry provides two types of products, the tangibles and the intangibles, but because most of it is intangibles, it is difficult to evaluate the products before purchasing so, it often down to images and information of the tourism products that the consumers can make a purchase decision. The tourist decision making process by kotler (1998) shows, that before coming to a decision about buying a product, the consumer goes through various steps. These stages are the need of recognition; information search; evaluation of alternatives; selection of services or products; and the post purchase assessment. In the need of recognition of the buying decision process, the first thing for consumers is to acknowledge that they have a problem or need to purchase a service or products. And by being aware of their need, it is now up to the consumers to find a solution that would give them satisfaction at the end. So it’s next to the second stage of information search where the customer is motivated into doing some intense research to find the correct information which will lead to a decision. There is lot of ways for the tourist to find the information needed. He can go through the search stage by using his own knowledge of the products or he will rely on the external search (Pan and Fesenmaier, 2006) which consist of advertising resources and personal ones. Brochures, travel books and relatives are some of the examples of sources that consumers used to find information, and because of these external sources, tourism organisation identify and learn about the sources since they provide consumers with valuable information that sway their decision. The internet is also another source for consumer to gain access to information in this stage of the decision making with Lake (2001) stressing that almost 95% of people collect information related to travel via the internet and with 93% admitted to visit websites of tourism companies. After gathering enough information, the next move for the consumer is the evaluation of alternative where come the process of comparing and finding the best solution of their problems. Often at this stage, the quality of the products and services will determine how much it is going to satisfy the consumer when they are trying to compare it the products with other alternatives (Kotler, 1998). During the purchase decision process, Kotler (1998) normally consumers have a tendency to buy their favourite brands or products but occasionally the purchase decision become influenced by other people around the consumers, for example parents who are planning to book a holiday with younger children, will not choose an adult oriented holiday destination because they need to consider their children before going into the purchasing stage. Purchasing the products or service from a specific supplier is the fourth step and it will be wrong to think that paying for the vacation is the end of the purchase decision process. In the post purchase evaluation, the consumer will make an assessment like some feedback to see if they had a happy experience when they used the products. A good experience will often lead the consumers to reuse the same products and verbally promote it. And the tourism organisations also find the post purchase stage really valuable to them as the satisfaction level of consumer will turn into loyalty toward the products or services. In the recreational behaviour model, researchers are looking to observe how consumers behave when they decide to travel and (Clawson and Knetch, 1966 cited in Hanlan, Fuller and Wilde, 2006) said that deciding to travel is not a simple process because it also has five phases that make use of some stages of the destination decision making process. The recreational behaviour model start with the anticipation phase where the consumer is thinking about the trip and where all the planning of the trip is being done by including the stage of need of recognition and search of information that was mentioned in the destination decision making process. After the planning phase, it is the travelling to the site stage which can also includes the mode of transport that the consumer is going to use to reach the destination. For example using the orient express as a mode of transport can be seen as a luxury travel experience by itself for the consumer even before they reach their destination. So once at the destination, the model next phase is the behaviour on the site where the consumer arrive to the destination and make use of the services available to him. The behaviour of the consumer once on site is widely influenced by his experience of the services offered. Everything that happened to the consumers during the stay at the destination will impact the last stage of this model, as after travelling back home, the consumers have to have a recollection and recall stage which will consist of the post purchase evaluation stage that Kotler identified in the decision process. Compare to other models of consumer behaviour, the stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour by Middleton (1994) has been modified in order to help the tourism organisation have an understanding of the consumer behaviour during the buying process. In this model, the determinants and motivators that influenced the buying behaviour of the consumer are separated from each other, and at the same time this model also looks at the impacts that the communication channel used by tourism organisation has on the tourist buying process. The stimulus response model of buying behaviour has been based on four elements with the buyer characteristics and decision process being at the core of the buying behaviour. The travel stimuli, the communication channels, the characteristic of the consumer together with the decision process have all an effect on the consumer buying behaviour. The characteristics of the buyer which is made of the motivators and determinants influence the consumer recognition of the travel stimuli and if the consumer is interested by the products that the travel stimulus offered, the decision making process will determine when the buying process will began. The development of Information and communication technologies transformed the tourist behaviour when it comes to searching, booking and buying processes. In the information search, the consumer has the opportunity to find a wide range of information provided by the accommodation sectors, the destinations and airline companies by the use of new technology. And for making their booking, the reservation system put in place allow the consumers to access and make payment online. So it is clear to say that the tools of ICTs allowed companies to embrace technology to be essential to their communication and marketing approach in order to give consumer the freedom to undertaken any process without the help of an intermediaries. The change in consumer behaviour by ICT has been strongly influenced by the internet because it helps the suppliers communicate directly with the consumers who offer the possibility to tailor the products to their taste and need. (Buhalis and Law, 2008) So to finish, this essay has shown that the development of information and communication technologies and its use in the tourism industry had quite an impact on the structure of the industry. It did bring new opportunities to the business by opening different channel for the promotion and distribution of the tourism products and ICTs also allow the customers to quickly receive information no matter the distance. But the loss of human interaction with the use of ICT and the disintermediation has been some of the challenge or problems that the development of technology brought in the industry. So to be successful and retain their customers, tourism organisations has to adopt the technology and adapt it into their businesses. And by trying to understand the effect that information and communication technologies has on the consumer behaviour, I went on to gather information of three different models based on what goes on the mind of the consumer when they are trying to choose a destination, or buy a product. In the models mentioned in this essay, the consumer is often guided with the help of information gathered during the information search stage to make a decision and these models always end with the feedback stage where the consumer expresses their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. References – Buhalis, D. 1998 â€Å"Strategic used of information technology in the tourism industry†. Tourism Management, 19 (5), pp 409-421 – Buhalis, D. (2003). E-Tourism: information technology for strategic tourism management, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Buhalis, D and Law, R (2008) ‘Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet – the state of tourism research’ Tourism Management 29, 609-623 – Cooper et al (2005) Tourism, Principles and practice. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education limited – Giaoutzi, M and Nijkamp, P. (2006) Tourism and regional development: new pathways. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd – Hanlan, J, Fuller, D and Wilde, S (2006) ‘Destination decision making: the need for a strategic planning and management approach’, Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, Vol. 3, No. 3, 209-221 – Kotler, P. H. (1998) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control, 8th Ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc. – Lake, D. (2001) Americans Go Online for Travel Information. [WWW] Available from:

Legal And Ethical Issues Of The United States Essay

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