Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Essay and Research Paper Essay Example for Free
Essay and Research Paper Essay Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There is a true saying that everyone knows: playing sports is very good for our health. Playing sport helps us stay in shape, builds up our teamwork skill, and makes us consistent players. But there is a truth that not many people can realize: spending too much time on sports may cause some bad influences. Especially when it comes to young children. They need a balanced schedule so that they can take advantage and avoid some disadvantages of playing sports First, playing sports is necessary for everyone to reserve good health. It is proven by scientists that doing exercises or playing sports regularly helps people stay in a good shape, and helps avoid some health problems such as heart attack or blood pressure. For those reasons, young children should spend time in playing sport everyday. But if they spend too much time on that, they will not have enough time to participate in many other interesting and useful activities, such as going on a picnic with their friends or learning to play musical instrumentsâ⬠¦Even worse, they may not spend enough time on study. Second, playing sports helps young children develop their team-work skill. Usually when playing sport, they will be allocated into teams. By trying to connect with other team members to win to the game, they will learn how to get along with people, how to understand other peopleââ¬â¢s ideas, and how to coordinate with the others to get the best result, not only in sports, but also in study or in a working environment. But still, if they spend too much time on playing sports, there will be a disadvantage for young children, since they spend too much time hanging on with the others in a team, will not know how to handle problems alone, resulting in performing badly when working independently. Lastly, playing sports helps children learn how to stand up after failing, making them competitive in any tournament. It is definite that everyone will fail at least once when they play sport. The desire of being the winner urges them to try more and more. The more they try, the better.they become, but once they are so involved in the game, they somehow become so aggressive. Some will try anything to win, and some will even play unfairly to be the winner. The stories about the soccer players using drugs or the players fighting in a game are clear evidences to the disadvantage of playing sport when it is not under control.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Geography of Barbados :: Essays Papers
GEOGRAPHY OF BARBADOS Barbados is the most windward, or eastern of all the Caribbean islands. Itââ¬â¢s the only island of the Caribbean that lies before the sixty-degree lateral line. Pedro a Campus, who arrived there in 1536, first discovered it. Pedro a Campus was sailing for Portugal at the time of his discovery. Upon his arrival he concluded that the island was uninhabited. The island remained this way until it was settled by the English in the later Seventeenth Century. The shape of the island, is somewhat of an irregular triangle. The circumference Of the island is approximately fifty-five miles around, with a length of twenty-one miles and a width of thirteen miles. Its size is approximately two and a half times the size of Washington D. C. Coral Reefs line almost the entire coast of the island, and at some points, are up to three miles seaward. This creates problems with navigating to and from the island. The northeastern portion of the island contains heights of 1000 feet, while the southeastern part has sandy beaches which are protected by the coral reefs. The highest elevation is Mount Hillaby, which is 1147 feet above sea level at the center portion of the country. The rest of the island is relatively flat, but elevates as it rises to the Central Highlands. Scotland River is the principal river which runs through the island. Other rivers include Joeââ¬â¢s River and the Indian River, along with a handful of natural springs, mainly Haggatââ¬â¢s. The island has a tropical climate and it rarely falls below seventy degrees Fahrenheit. The months of June to October are generally considered the ââ¬Å"rainyâ⬠season. The island only occasionally suffers from the wrath of hurricanes. Another natural disaster that the people of the island encounter is periodic landslides.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Icts in the Tourism Industry and Its Influences on the Tourist Consumer Behaviour
The tourism industry often needs a various range of information to satisfy and attracts its consumers and most of this information is delivered promptly to the customers with the help of the information and communication technologies (Poon, 1993). And as result, the global tourism industry is rapidly changing and the information and communication technologies ( ICTs) such as the internet is altering the structure of tourism industry and how it market his products and conducts its promotion. In order to understand the role and impacts that ICTs has in the wider tourism industry and to find its influences on the tourist consumer behaviour, it is advised to first know what ICTs are and to comprehend the study on consumer behaviour based on the tourism industry. Information and communication technologies are defined as the collective term given to the most recent development in the mode (electronic) and the mechanisms (computers and communications technologies) used for the acquisitions, processing analysis, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and application of information (Poon 1993 cited in Buhalis 2003, p 7). It can also be defined as ââ¬Å"the use of digital tools for business functions and processesâ⬠(Cooper et al 2005, p. 704). When tailing about ICTs, it consist of hardware (self service terminals), software (front office applications), and telecommunications (broadcast of images, teleconferencing â⬠¦ ), and the groupware (tools for group communications such as email). The last one is the humanware which consist of skilled people responsible for the maintenance and programming. Any of these are used in the tourism industry for a better management of operation and communication between stakeholders. The Tourism industry had really gained from the evolution of information technology with the emergence of computerised networks that change the whole stage of the distribution and marketing of tourism products. The most popular and successful applications of ICT used in the tourism industry are the computer reservation systems, the global distribution systems and the internet. In the early 1970s, the airline industry developed the computer reservation systems, an application that became the most important channel of distribution for airlines, and even big hotel companies and tour operators started using it after they recognized the benefit of computerised system. The computer reservation system (CRSs) isâ⬠essentially a database which manages the inventory of a tourism enterprise, whilst it distributes it electronically to remote sales ffices and external partnersâ⬠(Buhalis, 1998). It created the possibility for suppliers to quickly confirm the booking reservations made by consumers but the consumers were also able to use the CRSs to access information of different destinations, packages holidays, and hotels, and used that information to compare prices to find the best deal. The computer reservation system gave tourism organisation the power to manage their products and trade with the rest of the world. The mid 1990 saw the computer reservation system emerged into the global distribution systems (GDSs), the ââ¬Å"system that distribute reservations and information services to sales outlets around the worldâ⬠(Giaoutzi and Nijkamp 2006, p. 24). It did not just contains information of flights and hotels like the CRSs but had a wide range of services and products linked to tourism such as entertainment, car rental, lodging, train ticketing. Both the CRSs and the GDSs are known also to reduce the cost of communication, and to provide information on the competition. During the time that the GDSs was developing, the internet and World Wide Web was providing direct opportunities for tourism suppliers to interact with its customers by offering less expensive information on services and destinations. Companies like easy-jet uses the internet to offer its services directly to the customers and because the internet also offers consumer the possibility to tailor their own holiday, which is why websites like expedia are becoming expanding and popular. During every step of a transaction or deal of the tourism product, there is a lot of information that need to be exchange between every party involved. So the information and communication technologies role is to help the clients and tourism intermediaries have accessed to accurate information and data. These exchanges of information need to be done quickly as the suppliers rely on it to meets the customersââ¬â¢ requests. So the use of ICTs in the tourism industry has turned into a universal feature and power that help and manage information and transfer them all over the world instantaneously. And Buhalis (1998) states that the day to day operations of the tourism industry have been affected by the use of the ICTS. The distribution and marketing function of the tourism industry has been transformed as they use ICTs to target the consumers meet their needs and also the adoption of information and communication technologies by the airlines companies has been an advantage point for them as it help them control and manage reservations. So t goes to say that the fundamental structure of the tourism industry has been reformed by ICTs and businesses involved in tourism will need to keep improving their services to meet the increases level of customer demand that now require fast and accurate information. Despite the fact that the information and communication technologies has broaden the industry capacity of distribution, there are also some issues brought by the same ICTs that could impacts the future operation of the travel industry. According to Thorn and Chen (2005), the risk of losing human resource in business is higher with the application of ICTs. The increase of demand of employees with new technology skills has left existing employees in fear of losing their jobs as businesses are looking for way to accommodate those customers who need their suppliers to respond to new sophisticated demand and information. In this case, it is up to the management team of each tourism business who adopt the use of new technology to offer some intensive training for staff in order to success. But beside the human resource impact, the most talked about impact is the issue of disintermediation in the tourism industry. Disintermediation happen when suppliers and companies are met by a growing pressure from competitors and rising prices (Werthner and Klein, 2001), so to survive in this new technology environment, they set up their own distribution channel such as a website where they can directly offer the consumers the opportunity to tailor their own holiday and look through various range of products online. And by doing that they often save money and Thorn and Chen (2005) raise the fact that travel agencies are quite a risk because of disintermediation which result to booking at travels agents going down by 35% and also they are at risk of losing some of their commissions that came from selling products from tours operators and airlines companies. ICTs caused then to deal with competitions and those who cannot often lose their business but there are always customers who look for the physical contact when it came to book their holiday. The need of face to face interaction still gives travel agents the chance to stay in the tourism chain. Over the years, the information and communication technologies also had an impact on the consumer too, because of the improvements that ICTs bring on the quality of services given by tourism organisations. By allowing consumers to make fast reservations or save money by comparing price through the internet, ICTs created a new type of consumers who are now becoming more ophisticated and skilled. With the consumer behaviours changing, it is up to the tourism organisations to try and understand the motivation behind their choice of destination, or figure out the type of environment that influence their decision to purchase a product instead of another. All of these researches and their answers are quite important as it would help suppliers and companies develop new marketing strategies for products that would reach the appropriate market. The study of consumer behaviour is based on finding out the reason why consumers purchase some products and trying to understand how they came to the decision of making that decision (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). This study gives organisations some clues on the why and how that customer came to make a choice between various destinations or products, so with any results find from this study, it will enable them to target the customers and persuade them to buy their products because of the consumer previous making decision purchase. But for the consumers to make a decision there is a lot of factors that come to play and influence them toward the right product. Those factors are the determinants (what make you choose a holiday or not) and motivators (the drive to travel) (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). Determinants in consumer behaviour can be internal and external. Internal determinants often consist of factors which are personal to the customer such as choosing a travel destination based on work or business obligation, fear, health problems or commitment with family. Some of those are quite important and they tend to determine and have an effect on the type of travel to book or they can also prevent the consumer to travel. In the external determinant category, consumer can be influenced by the media around them, friends and sometimes a marketing campaign. Motivators in the other hand are the reasons that push the tourists toward travelling. Often motivators are split into two different categories, the general motivators and the specific ones. Some general motivators mentioned by Thomas (1964, cited in Moutinho, 1987) are the cultural and educational motivators which push tourists to discover new culture and lifestyle, to do some sightseeing or explore monuments, and he also identified pleasure, adventure and relaxation as other motivators that provide people with a reason to travel, especially when trying to switch off from the daily routine of their life and just go on holiday to have some fun. And regarding the specific motivators, Moutinho (1987) also contributed in the study by aying that specific motivators tends to come from knowledge, previous experience , recommendation or opinions given by relatives and friends; and it can also come from the travel organisation via the media. The study of consumer behaviour in tourism is helped by various models and processes adapted from others researchers which show clarifications on what goes on when consumers are deciding to make a purchase. In order to understand some behavi our of tourists, this essay will go through the destination decision making process, the recreational behaviour model and stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour. The tourism industry provides two types of products, the tangibles and the intangibles, but because most of it is intangibles, it is difficult to evaluate the products before purchasing so, it often down to images and information of the tourism products that the consumers can make a purchase decision. The tourist decision making process by kotler (1998) shows, that before coming to a decision about buying a product, the consumer goes through various steps. These stages are the need of recognition; information search; evaluation of alternatives; selection of services or products; and the post purchase assessment. In the need of recognition of the buying decision process, the first thing for consumers is to acknowledge that they have a problem or need to purchase a service or products. And by being aware of their need, it is now up to the consumers to find a solution that would give them satisfaction at the end. So itââ¬â¢s next to the second stage of information search where the customer is motivated into doing some intense research to find the correct information which will lead to a decision. There is lot of ways for the tourist to find the information needed. He can go through the search stage by using his own knowledge of the products or he will rely on the external search (Pan and Fesenmaier, 2006) which consist of advertising resources and personal ones. Brochures, travel books and relatives are some of the examples of sources that consumers used to find information, and because of these external sources, tourism organisation identify and learn about the sources since they provide consumers with valuable information that sway their decision. The internet is also another source for consumer to gain access to information in this stage of the decision making with Lake (2001) stressing that almost 95% of people collect information related to travel via the internet and with 93% admitted to visit websites of tourism companies. After gathering enough information, the next move for the consumer is the evaluation of alternative where come the process of comparing and finding the best solution of their problems. Often at this stage, the quality of the products and services will determine how much it is going to satisfy the consumer when they are trying to compare it the products with other alternatives (Kotler, 1998). During the purchase decision process, Kotler (1998) normally consumers have a tendency to buy their favourite brands or products but occasionally the purchase decision become influenced by other people around the consumers, for example parents who are planning to book a holiday with younger children, will not choose an adult oriented holiday destination because they need to consider their children before going into the purchasing stage. Purchasing the products or service from a specific supplier is the fourth step and it will be wrong to think that paying for the vacation is the end of the purchase decision process. In the post purchase evaluation, the consumer will make an assessment like some feedback to see if they had a happy experience when they used the products. A good experience will often lead the consumers to reuse the same products and verbally promote it. And the tourism organisations also find the post purchase stage really valuable to them as the satisfaction level of consumer will turn into loyalty toward the products or services. In the recreational behaviour model, researchers are looking to observe how consumers behave when they decide to travel and (Clawson and Knetch, 1966 cited in Hanlan, Fuller and Wilde, 2006) said that deciding to travel is not a simple process because it also has five phases that make use of some stages of the destination decision making process. The recreational behaviour model start with the anticipation phase where the consumer is thinking about the trip and where all the planning of the trip is being done by including the stage of need of recognition and search of information that was mentioned in the destination decision making process. After the planning phase, it is the travelling to the site stage which can also includes the mode of transport that the consumer is going to use to reach the destination. For example using the orient express as a mode of transport can be seen as a luxury travel experience by itself for the consumer even before they reach their destination. So once at the destination, the model next phase is the behaviour on the site where the consumer arrive to the destination and make use of the services available to him. The behaviour of the consumer once on site is widely influenced by his experience of the services offered. Everything that happened to the consumers during the stay at the destination will impact the last stage of this model, as after travelling back home, the consumers have to have a recollection and recall stage which will consist of the post purchase evaluation stage that Kotler identified in the decision process. Compare to other models of consumer behaviour, the stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour by Middleton (1994) has been modified in order to help the tourism organisation have an understanding of the consumer behaviour during the buying process. In this model, the determinants and motivators that influenced the buying behaviour of the consumer are separated from each other, and at the same time this model also looks at the impacts that the communication channel used by tourism organisation has on the tourist buying process. The stimulus response model of buying behaviour has been based on four elements with the buyer characteristics and decision process being at the core of the buying behaviour. The travel stimuli, the communication channels, the characteristic of the consumer together with the decision process have all an effect on the consumer buying behaviour. The characteristics of the buyer which is made of the motivators and determinants influence the consumer recognition of the travel stimuli and if the consumer is interested by the products that the travel stimulus offered, the decision making process will determine when the buying process will began. The development of Information and communication technologies transformed the tourist behaviour when it comes to searching, booking and buying processes. In the information search, the consumer has the opportunity to find a wide range of information provided by the accommodation sectors, the destinations and airline companies by the use of new technology. And for making their booking, the reservation system put in place allow the consumers to access and make payment online. So it is clear to say that the tools of ICTs allowed companies to embrace technology to be essential to their communication and marketing approach in order to give consumer the freedom to undertaken any process without the help of an intermediaries. The change in consumer behaviour by ICT has been strongly influenced by the internet because it helps the suppliers communicate directly with the consumers who offer the possibility to tailor the products to their taste and need. (Buhalis and Law, 2008) So to finish, this essay has shown that the development of information and communication technologies and its use in the tourism industry had quite an impact on the structure of the industry. It did bring new opportunities to the business by opening different channel for the promotion and distribution of the tourism products and ICTs also allow the customers to quickly receive information no matter the distance. But the loss of human interaction with the use of ICT and the disintermediation has been some of the challenge or problems that the development of technology brought in the industry. So to be successful and retain their customers, tourism organisations has to adopt the technology and adapt it into their businesses. And by trying to understand the effect that information and communication technologies has on the consumer behaviour, I went on to gather information of three different models based on what goes on the mind of the consumer when they are trying to choose a destination, or buy a product. In the models mentioned in this essay, the consumer is often guided with the help of information gathered during the information search stage to make a decision and these models always end with the feedback stage where the consumer expresses their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. References ââ¬â Buhalis, D. 1998 ââ¬Å"Strategic used of information technology in the tourism industryâ⬠. Tourism Management, 19 (5), pp 409-421 ââ¬â Buhalis, D. (2003). E-Tourism: information technology for strategic tourism management, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited ââ¬â Buhalis, D and Law, R (2008) ââ¬ËProgress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet ââ¬â the state of tourism researchââ¬â¢ Tourism Management 29, 609-623 ââ¬â Cooper et al (2005) Tourism, Principles and practice. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education limited ââ¬â Giaoutzi, M and Nijkamp, P. (2006) Tourism and regional development: new pathways. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd ââ¬â Hanlan, J, Fuller, D and Wilde, S (2006) ââ¬ËDestination decision making: the need for a strategic planning and management approachââ¬â¢, Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, Vol. 3, No. 3, 209-221 ââ¬â Kotler, P. H. (1998) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control, 8th Ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc. ââ¬â Lake, D. (2001) Americans Go Online for Travel Information. [WWW] Available from:
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Legal And Ethical Issues Of The United States Essay
Navigating through the myriad of regulations of any country is important to comply with legal and ethical issues that can impact any organization. Every global region has its perspective on how employees should be regulated and what the rights that should be adhered to. Most of the global region closely regulate their workforces to their economic philosophies and vision. It is therefore important that organizations acknowledge and have a deep understanding of any international region perspective on employment ethics and regulation. Currently the three largest regions for employment and economic growth include the United States, Europe, and Asia. These two regions and one country are the global economic drivers internationally, and have different views of labor ethics and laws. Major legal issues in the United States The United States has passed legislation during various points in its history to address legal employment issues. The U.S. has dealt with each issue as an evolution of a growing body of labor legislation that often reflected the times in which they were passed. The issues that the U.S. has addressed include discrimination, safety, compensation, family leave and retirement/pension. These issues effect all labor markets within the U.S., and are enforced by federal agencies, as well as state agencies. Discrimination The issue of discrimination is addressed by on the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, specifically Title VII. The act prohibits discrimination based onShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Legal Issues Of The United States Case Of Ebola1274 Words à |à 6 Pagesfirst United States case of Ebola was reported on September 25, 2014, when a man from Liberia sought help at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas. That man was Thomas Eric Duncan. Duncan, who eventually died, started the spread of the virus by coming into contact with two health care workers at the hospital. 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Some people may not think that it is important to protect intellectual property however, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) does just that. ââ¬Å"Intellectual property is protected in law by, for example, patentsRead MoreThere Are Several Legal And Moral Implications When Expanding1391 Words à |à 6 PagesThere are several legal and moral implications when expanding business in Mexico. The purpose of this memorandum is to identif y legal and ethical implications of conducting business in Mexico and to evaluate the significance of expanding internationally in Mexico. For the expansion to be effective, the best strategy is to plan the work and then work the plan, meaning, conduct extensive research about international business expansion in Mexico and all aspects tied to it. This mainly consists of lawsRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes And Explain How Judiciary Professionals Use Criminal Theory1734 Words à |à 7 Pagesjob that they must perform, there are issues that must be resolved. Professionals in the judiciary branch of the government, including prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges, they must execute justice by upholding the law in an ethical manner. In order to explain why people commit crimes and explain how judiciary professionals use criminal theory in their practice, The 4th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States are most relevant to the ethical standards judiciary professionals. WhileRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words à |à 4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. 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Friday, December 27, 2019
A Beautiful Mind - 1713 Words
Applied Paper A Beautiful Mind describes schizophrenia and the background on various treatment methods through the life of John Nash, a famous mathematician and creator of game theory. The book describes the early stages Nashââ¬â¢s mental illness as a young adult, the acknowledged impairment and reduction of thinking capacity, the various treatments methods and his eventual recovery. I want to focus on when Nash is a graduate student attending Princeton University in 1947. This moment in his life is a critical period in the research and development of schizophrenia treatment. The book describes the common symptoms of schizophrenia, which is noticeable through Nashââ¬â¢s social inabilities as isolation and lack of social skills are quickly apparent at the Universityââ¬â¢s meet and greet. Nash escapes reality through the safety that numbers bring him which he also uses to try and explain how things come to be in everyday life. The more Nash uses numbers to explain life, the mo re secluded he becomes from society. This is evident when he tries to figure out how the seduction of a woman could be possible using algorithms. Nashââ¬â¢s behavior was considered normal for a genius of his caliber even though being emotionally diminished, having little interest in socializing, and overanalyzing thinking are the beginning stages of mental illness. As Nashââ¬â¢s paranoid schizophrenia symptoms becomes worse, he becomes more withdrawn and nervous to the point the illness begins to control his life. NashShow MoreRelatedA Beautiful Mind (Summary)805 Words à |à 4 PagesA Beautiful Mind by Sylvia Nasar 1.) A.) A Beautiful Mind is a biography based on the events that happened to a mathematical genius John Forbes Nash Jr. He was invited to go to Princeton University on only one term, and it was to create a truly original idea based on using mathematics. Once he is enrolled in Princeton he is looked at as a social outcast. 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Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Personal Narrative - Bicycle Crash Essay - 561 Words
Personal Narrative- Bicycle Crash I used to bike often with my friend Juan in my hometown of Aguascalientes, Mexico. In the narrow streets, a heavy flow of traffic make biking treacherous. Certain streets have traffic signs saying, CEDA EL PASO A UN VEHICULO which means Let one vehicle go through at a time. I biked on the right side of the street and my friend Juan biked on the left side. On our trip to buy tamales Juan and I were supposed to cross an intersection with a CEDA EL PASO A UN VEHICULO sign. As we approached the intersection, I gleamed my chance to cross at the same time as the car in front of me. Since Juan and I were racing to cross the intersection, I sped up to reach the red vehicle. As I crossed theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦I crashed into the left side of the car. At the moment of the impact I felt scared, but at the same time I was amazed at the response of my brain. First, I lifted up my right leg that was about to smash with the left fender of the car. Thus I saved my right leg from being broken and causing major injuries to my fine, young body. Second, I remembered the advice of my friend Juan, who told me, Always when you fall try to roll over the floor or wherever you are at while at the same time covering your head so you will not get hurt so much. I followed his advice. The impact of my bicycle hitting the car caused my body to fly over the hood and land on it. While rolling over the hood I kept repeating to myself over and over my friends advice, Cover your head and keep rolling. I kept rolling until my body did not have any more hood to roll on, so I plopped to the ground like a sack of potatoes until I finally stopped rolling. After a few moments of initial shock, I slowly opened my eyes and looked all around me. Then I closed my eyes again and concentrated all my mental energy to check my body for injuries without moving for fear of aggravating any injuries I might have incurred. When I opened my eyes again I saw my friend Juan running to get my broken bicycle. To me this meant that the accident had not been tragic or even critical. Slowly, I stood up and every thing seemed justShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1897 Words à |à 8 Pagestook them through the streets of Times Square to the French Riviera. However, Scot tââ¬â¢s work-life balance eventually fell out of whack, and in the later part of the decade finding the discipline to sit down and write became a constant struggle. This personal battle coincided with Zeldaââ¬â¢s new aspiration to be a professional dancer. Tired of living in the shadow of her famous husband, she threw herself into practicing her routine. 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Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Human Factor In Ensuring The Safety Of Air Travel â⬠Free Samples
Question: Discuss about the Human Factor In Ensuring The Safety Of Air Travel. Answer: Background: The aviation industry is one of the most significant transportation choice for the people and therefore it is the responsibility of the former to ensure the safety of its passengers (Marais Robichaud, 2012). Aviation maintenance is one of the most crucial part to ensure the safety of air travel. However, the question which is the most significant factor for aviation maintenance and thus safety assurance? is a topic of debate and research in the aviation maintenance industry for a long time. The researchers have determined multiple factors that can be of vital importance for ensuring the safety of air travel. However, the most debated factor is the human factor and its role in aviation maintenance. Human factors refers to the response offered by the humans to particular products, services and environment (Patnakar Taylor, 2017). Some consider the deemed factor to be the most significant while others keep it in the same category with the other factors. The debate has a lot of potential and scope for exploration, and the devised paper is contributing to it. Thesis Statement: This paper argues that aviation maintenance as a human factor is the most significant factor in ensuring the safety of air travels. The deemed argument has been selected to highlight the attention that the human factor deserves for ensuring the safety of air travels. Forecast: The paper is devised to support the claim that suggests human factors are the most significant factor for ensuring air safety with appropriate evidence. However, the paper is not limiting itself to the positive attributes that support the statement but has also provided a contradicting statement. The author has attempted at rebutting the contradicting statement with the help of suitable evidences. The paper has been concluded with recommendations that can be helpful for the aviation maintenance along with suggestions for efficient use of human factors. Reason 1: Human errors are the biggest reason for the aviation accidents, and 50% of those are associated with human maintenance errors. Evidence 1: Humans tends to make errors if they are not comfortable in the workplace. Comfort at the workplace may refer to anything from the designated work to the environment or may even relate to the pay or work and managerial pressure (Karwowski, 2012). All of these together form the human factor and thus are of great significance. Additionally, it is the responsibility of the human to determine the mechanical errors during the maintenance of the aviation devices, which can be troublesome, if the former are distracted or are ignoring their works. The faults in the devices may get passed undetected which may cause substantial causalities. Air France Flight 447 disaster on 1st June 2009 is one of the most significant example of the causality faced by aviation industry due to the human factors (McFarlane Hills, 2013). The fault was evaluated in the pilot tube that disabled the autopilot mode and hence the catastrophic result. The pilot tube fault was not the first instance in the deemed case a s it had already occurred nine-time between 2008 and 2009 (Salmon, Walker Stanton, 2016). Though the fault was ignored continuously and thus the negative human factors response caused the disastrous result. Reason 2: Human factors help in increasing the productivity of the employees which leads to proper risk assessment of the aviation device and thus assuring safety. Evidence 2 Human factors, if given proper attention will help the employees to give their best and ultimately result in increased productivity (Dul et al. 2012). The increased productivity will result in proper maintenance of the aviation equipment and potentially may also help in the development of some apparatuses or methods that can assure the safety of air flights (Helmreich Merritt, 2017). The reason for the above-made statement is that when the factors are correct, the employees are motivated to put forth their best and achieve the self-defined targets. They evaluate their work for associated risk and improvement. This assessment can lead them in to developing a device or method that can be of assistance in their designated work. ST (Singapore Technologies) Engineering Ltd. is one such organisation which maintained its human factors appropriately, and that resulted in determining the use of drones to enhance the safety process ("CAAS and ST Aerospace collaborate to test beyond visual lin e of sight drone operations in Singapore", 2018). Alternative View: However, some scholars in the field of aviation maintenance have put the human factors in equal with the mechanical factors or other involved factors. They cite that the mechanical factors are of equal significance as that of the human factors. Dismissal of Alternative View: The scholars who have cited that the results which may occur due to the mechanical factors are of equal significance as that of the human factors are partially correct. The reason for the statement above is the fact that the mechanical failure is preventable and limited, that is after the completion of the maintenance the mechanical failure can be evaluated in the risk assessment process. However, if the human refuse to abolish the fault(s) than the results are catastrophic (Wiegmann Shappell, 2017). So, the mechanical factors depend on human factors for their structuring. Hence, portraying mechanical or other factors with equal importance to that of the human factor is not justified. Conclusion: The ongoing discussion can be concluded to state the fact that human factors are the most significant factors of all the other factors associated with aviation maintenance that ensure the safety of air travels. The author by no means denies the importance of other factors. However, it is also suggested that all those factors cannot be kept in the same significant level as that of human factors. Recommendations: The significance of human factors in ensuring the safety of the air travel has been discussed. However, the question that remains undefined is how to enhance compatibility of the human factor and the humans. The answer to the above mentioned question can be many. However, the most suitable answer would be by understanding the needs of the human and bending the human factors to make it suitable for the former. Additionally, training programs are also offered by different academies like Singapore Aviation Academy (SAA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and others to enhance the relationship between the humans and human factors. The training programs assist the managers in developing suitable human factors for the employee, and the employees are trained to cope up with the human factors. References: CAAS and ST Aerospace collaborate to test beyond visual line of sight drone operations in Singapore. (2018).Caas.gov.sg. Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://www.caas.gov.sg/about-caas/newsroom/Detail/caas-and-st-aerospace-collaborate-to-test-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-drone-operations-in-singapore/ Dul, J., Bruder, R., Buckle, P., Carayon, P., Falzon, P., Marras, W. S., ... van der Doelen, B. (2012). A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession.Ergonomics,55(4), 377-395. Helmreich, R. L., Merritt, A. C. (2017, November). 11 Safety and error management: The role of crew resource management. InAviation Resource Management: Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium: v. 1: Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium. Routledge. Karwowski, W. (2012). The discipline of human factors and ergonomics.Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Fourth Edition, 1-37. Marais, K. B., Robichaud, M. R. (2012). Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An empirical approach.Reliability Engineering System Safety,106, 104-118. McFarlane, P., Hills, M. (2013). Developing immunity to flight security risk: prospective benefits from considering aviation security as a socio-technical eco-system.Journal of Transportation Security,6(3), 221-234. Patankar, M. S., Taylor, J. C. (2017).Applied human factors in aviation maintenance. Taylor Francis. Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A. (2016). Pilot error versus sociotechnical systems failure: a distributed situation awareness analysis of Air France 447.Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science,17(1), 64-79. Wiegmann, D. A., Shappell, S. A. (2017).A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system. Routledge.
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